When evaluating a real estate investment loan, three ratios matter most: Loan-to-Value (LTV), Loan-to-Cost (LTC), and After-Repair Value (ARV). Understanding how each is calculated — and when each applies — is essential for structuring loan requests, negotiating with lenders, and ensuring you have enough equity to fund a project from start to finish.
LTV is the ratio of the loan amount to the current market value of the property. It's the most common metric used by lenders across all loan types. Formula: LTV = Loan Amount ÷ Property Value. Example: A $750,000 loan on a property valued at $1,000,000 = 75% LTV. LTV is used for stabilized assets — properties that are leased, occupied, and producing income. Higher LTV means less equity and more risk for the lender, which is why most lenders cap LTV at 70–80% depending on the asset type.
LTC measures the loan amount relative to the total project cost, including both acquisition and renovation expenses. It's the primary metric for construction, fix-and-flip, and ground-up development loans. Formula: LTC = Loan Amount ÷ (Purchase Price + Rehab Budget). Example: A $850,000 loan on a project with a $500,000 purchase price and $500,000 in rehab costs ($1,000,000 total) = 85% LTC. LTC is used when a property is being improved — before it reaches its full stabilized value.
ARV is the estimated market value of a property after all planned renovations or construction are complete. It's forward-looking — lenders use it to underwrite fix-and-flip and construction loans based on what the asset will be worth, not what it is today. Formula: ARV is determined by a licensed appraiser using comparable sales (comps) of similar, already-renovated properties in the same area. Lenders typically cap total loan exposure at 65–75% of ARV. This ensures that even if market conditions soften or the borrower's renovation cost estimates run over, there's sufficient equity at sale to repay the loan.
Stabilized rental properties: LTV is the primary metric. Fix-and-flip and renovation projects: Both LTC and ARV matter — lenders often apply whichever is lower to determine the maximum loan. Ground-up construction: LTC is the starting point, but lenders also underwrite to ARV to validate that the completed project will carry enough value. As a borrower, you'll want to run all three numbers before approaching a lender so you understand the maximum leverage available for your deal.
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